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Learning English as a second language

Learning English as a second language

Learning English at english-step (یادگیری زبان انگلیسی در english-step)

How to become a good writer

Here are some tips on how to become a good writer. It takes time, perseverance and practice but with patience, good practical approaches and determination, you can turn your creative desire into concrete writing.

Steps

  1. Write every day. Write when you just wake up. Instead of longer writing sessions, try writing in little paragraphs or phrases all throughout the day. You can build on this practice. Work up to longer writing sessions.
  2. Read all sorts of things, but really take the time to dig into an old-fashioned book. Regular reading will influence your style, tastes, background, and ideas. It will also help expand your vocabulary and improve your grammar.
    • Determine what is good writing and what is not. Find your literary heroes. Read both historical and contemporary authors.
    • Read a variety of topics and styles, with a focus on styles or genres in which you wish to write.
    • Make good use of your local library, both as a source of a variety of reading materials and as a resource.
  3. Expand your vocabulary. Read books, especially newspapers daily. If possible, reading a dictionary or thesaurus can also be very useful.
    • Even if your vocabulary is not as large as you'd like, write in words that you know. Using fancier words doesn't make you a better writer, especially not if you are straining to use them or the result seems hackneyed or overwritten. Writing can be fascinating without being complicated or flowery.
  4. Review your grammar. While you shouldn't get hung up on grammar on your first draft of something, you should certainly be able to edit and come out with clean copy. The most enjoyable way to improve your grammar is simply to read lots of good writing. Eventually, things will start to sound or feel right or wrong to you. You should also formally review grammar. If you have a fairly good intuitive grasp of it, try reading The Elements of Style, by William Strunk[1]. It's a slim volume that covers the most common errors.
  5. Get 2 notebooks. One is a 'Vocabulary Notebook', the other an 'Inspirational Notebook'.
    • In your Vocabulary Notebook, write down new words and their meanings, and also some mnemonics (memory tips). If you like, also write interesting uses of words that you see.
    • In the Inspirational Notebook, write down bits and pieces from your daily life, like a fun conversation you overheard in the mall, or a joke a friend told you. This can also be a diary/journal. When something you read makes you laugh, or think, or tempts you to read it out loud to someone, try to figure out just why that caught your attention. Keep a list of these incidents.
    • Jot down ideas whenever they occur to you. Don't throw something out just because it seems strange or you don't like it.
  6. Join online or neighborhood writing groups.
  7. Brainstorm before starting to write. Go straight for the throat of the story or the main idea. Put down any idea, even if it is far-fetched or unlikely to be fruitful. You never know when an unusual idea might work or prompt another, better idea.
  8. Consider the purpose and main idea for each piece you write. It will help to focus your writing.
  9. Plan your writing, especially for factual writing. Use whatever technique works best for you. You can make an outline, put a collection of notes on cards and arrange them until they are in order, or draw a tree or map. It is possible to organize a broad topic very quickly with a tree or map structure.
  10. Write as fast as you can for the first draft. If you can type without looking at the keyboard, do so. Don't stop to fix things now. Write at least a few paragraphs before going back and correcting or editing.
  11. Do your homework. Whether you are writing fiction or non-fiction, do your research. Research is incredibly important for non-fiction writing, because facts must be true. It is also important for fiction because you want your novel or short story to sound plausible. Collect all the relevant information regarding the subject about which you have decided to write. Think of the sources from which you could gather more information on the subject: Your library, your friends, television, Internet, your professors etc. Approach all of them and collect a lot, so that your knowledge of the subject will be deepened.
    • Take it easy on the research at first if you're writing fiction, according to your style and your subject. You may find it is best to do the main points of the plot, then fill in details for color. On the other hand, the details may drive the course of the story.
  12. Be specific. In most cases, it's best just to say what you want to say, rather than hinting, implying, or over-generalizing. On the other hand, try to include only the relevant details. Anything more is just clutter.
  13. Tailor your writing to your purpose and your audience. Just as you change your clothing for the weather and the occasion, so you should change your writing for your audience and your message. Flowery writing, for example, might fit better in a poem than in a status report. If you think anybody in your audience will have difficulty reading or understanding your writing, keep your words simple and your sentences a moderate length.
    • Be careful of jargon and assumptions about what your audience knows. If you are writing about a subject you know well, it is very likely that you know something about it that they don't. Work on explaining things in language that everybody (or everybody reading your work) will understand.
  14. Edit your writing. Once you have a first copy down on paper, reread it and rewrite it. You are not only looking for grammar and spelling, but also style, content, organization, and coherence.
    • Editing is an iterative process. You may edit a piece many times.
    • Give yourself time between writing and editing, if at all possible. Longer is better, but even a short break can give you some of the necessary distance and detachment to edit well.
  15. Have someone else read your writing. If at all possible, get a second set of eyes to read your writing, too. Choose someone you trust to be forthright and frank.
  16. Make sure that people understand and interpret your writing the way you intend. Try it on a test audience and see how they react.

 

 Tips

  • Just write! It doesn't matter if it feels blocked or looks like gobbledygook to begin with; let the words flow out and things will begin to take shape. Leave for a few days and come back. You will see something in what you have written and be able to start transforming it.
  • Read about writing. There are many good books on the subject for a variety of writing styles and genres.
  • Write to a particular audience, even if it is imaginary (people 100 years in the future) or general (people who don't know this subject yet). Having an audience in mind will help immensely to focus your writing.
  • Choose a particular purpose for your writing. It will help you to have focus.
  • Experiment. If you normally write short fiction, try a poem now and then. Write nonfiction sometimes.
  • Write letters. Letters are an excellent way to practice writing. The Internet makes it easier than ever to find a pen-pal with similar interests in another country. Besides writing practice, you'll very probably get a new perspective, as well.
  • Follow your inspiration. Have you ever felt driven to write? Have you ever had an idea that wouldn't leave you alone until you got it down on paper? Keep a notebook handy and write, write, write. At least scribble some notes for later.
  • Follow your heart. Write about what is most important to you. What gets your goat? What inspires you?
  • Conquer the blank page. If you don't know what to write, start writing anything at all. Even if you start with "This is boring and I don't know what to write," you may soon find yourself wandering into writing something more.
  • Make lists. If you're warming up or just doodling around looking for ideas, make lists of interesting things. Here are some topics to get you started:
    • Questions you'd ask somebody famous
    • Things you would do if there were no risk
    • Things to do with a million dollars
    • Names you'd give an exotic pet.

 

Warnings

  • Have a room or a space to write in. Distractions are dangerous to a writer.
  • Don't skip out on writing time for something else. It's tricky to catch up, and missed time piles up quickly.

 

Things You'll Need

  • Books
  • 2 Notebooks
  • pencils
  • pencil sharpeners
  • A vivid imagination

Source: WikiHow

+ نوشته شده در  Tue 3 Jun 2008ساعت 8:41 AM  توسط M.Torabi  | 

Basic method for teaching lessons

Method

                        No farsi                                               Call on students at random

Warm up_ only the beginning of a unit

 

Vocab

1. Write & Explain                                                     synonym/antonym/audio-visual

2. Choral rep

3. Individual

4. Correct, if necessary

 

Following: All or in parts helps stress/intonation/pronounciation

Reading                                                                            Dialog

Vocab                                                                                Vocab

1. Teacher reads once                                                1. Teacher reads

2.Choral rep 2                                                             2. Choral rep 2

3. Individual                                                                3. Call on pairs stress eye contact

                                                                                        and change rolls                 

4.Correct, if necessary                                                4. Correct, if necessary

5. Ask Q's                                                                    5. Ask Q's

                                                                                    6. Tell students to memorize

 

Listening (in parts of all)                                             Grammar

Vocab                                                                              Vocab

1. Play tape 1/2?                                                          Teacher does orally

2. Ask Q's                                                                       Students must give examples

3. Correct, if necessary                                                Do grammar & exercises

 

Exercises

Vocab

1. Do first two together

2. Students work together

3. Call on students to read

 

Tell students what to prepare for next session.

 

+ نوشته شده در  Thu 29 May 2008ساعت 8:48 PM  توسط M.Torabi  | 

Turn Thy Face Towards the Sacred Mosque”

It is not righteousness that ye turn your face towards the east or the west, but righteousness is [in] him who believeth in God and the Last Day, and the angels and the Scripture, and the Prophets, and who giveth wealth for the love of God to his kinsfolk and to orphans and the needy and the son of the road and them that ask and for the freeing of slaves, and who is instant in prayer, and giveth the alms; and those who fulfil their covenant when they covenant, and the patient in adversity and affliction and in time of violence, these are they who are true, and these are they who fear God.

Say: We believe in God, and what hath been sent down to thee, and what was sent down to Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes, and what was given to Moses, and to Jesus, and the prophets from their Lord—we make no distinction between any of them—and to Him are we resigned: and whoso desireth other than Resignation [Islam] for a religion, it shall certainly not be accepted from him, and in the life to come he shall be among the losers.

Observe the prayers, and the middle prayer, and stand instant before God. And if ye fear, then afoot or mounted; but when ye are safe remember God, how he taught you what ye did not know.

When the call to prayer soundeth on the Day of Congregation (Friday), then hasten to remember God, and abandon business; that is better for you if ye only knew: and when prayer is done, disperse in the land and seek of the bounty of God.

Turn thy face towards the Sacred Mosque; wherever ye be, turn your faces thitherwards.

Give alms on the path of God, and let not your hands cast you into destruction; but do good, for God loveth those who do good; and accomplish the pilgrimage and the visit to God: but if ye be besieged, then send what is easiest as an offering.

They will ask thee what it is they must give in alms. Say: Let what good ye give be for parents, and kinsfolk, and the orphan, and the needy, and the son of the road; and what good ye do, verily God knoweth it.

They will ask thee what they shall expend in alms; say, The surplus.

If ye give alms openly, it is well; but if ye conceal it, and give it to the poor, it is better for you, and will take away from you some of your sins: and God knoweth what ye do.

O ye who believe, make not your alms of no effects by taunt and vexation, like him who spendeth what he hath to be seen of men, and believeth not in God and the Last Day: for his likeness is as the likeness of a stone with earth upon it, and a heavy rain falleth upon it and leaveth it bare; they accomplish nothing with what they earn, for God guideth not the people that disbelieve. And the likeness of those who expend their wealth for the sake of pleasing God and for the certainty of their souls is as the likeness of a garden on a hill: a heavy rain falleth on it and it bringeth forth its fruit twofold; and if no heavy rain falleth on it, then the dew falleth; and God seeth what ye do.

Kind speech and forgiveness is better than alms which vexation followeth; and God is rich and ruthful.

The hearts of men are at the disposal of God like unto one heart, and He turneth them about in any way that He pleaseth. O Director of hearts, turn our hearts to obey Thee.

The first thing which God created was a pen, and He said to it, 'Write.' It said, 'What shall I write?' And God said, 'Write down the quantity of every separate thing to be created.' And it wrote all that was and all that will be to eternity.

There is not one among you whose sitting-place is not written by God whether in the fire or in Paradise. The Companions said, 'O Prophet! since God hath appointed our place, may we confide in this and abandon our religious and moral duty?' He said, 'No, because the happy will do good works, and those who are of the miserable will do bad works.'

The Prophet of God said that Adam and Moses (in the world of spirits) maintained a debate before God, and Adam got the better of Moses; who said, 'Thou art that Adam whom God created by the power of his hands, and breathed into thee from His own spirit, and made the angels bow before thee, and gave thee an habitation in His own Paradise: after that thou threwest man upon the earth, from the fault which thou committedst.' Adam said, 'Thou art that Moses whom God elected for His prophecy, and to converse with, and He gave to thee twelve tables, in which are explained everything, and God made thee His confidant, and the bearer of His secrets: then how long was the Bible written before I was created?' Moses said, 'Forty years.' Then Adam said, 'Didst thou see in the Bible that Adam disobeyed God?' He said, 'Yes.' Adam said, 'Dost thou then reproach me on a matter which God wrote in the Bible forty years before creating me?'

Source: The Penguin Book of Historic Speeches. MacArthur, Brian, ed. Penguin Books, 1996. 
+ نوشته شده در  Wed 28 May 2008ساعت 8:23 PM  توسط M.Torabi  | 

The Exordium

IN THE NAME OF GOD
THE COMPASSIONATE
THE MERCIFUL


Praise be to God, Lord of the Universe,
The Compassionate, the Merciful,
Sovereign of the Day of Judgement!
You alone we worship, and to You alone
we turn for help.
Guide us to the straight path,
The path of those whom You have favoured,
Not of those who have incurred Your wrath,
Nor of those who have gone astray.

The Exordium of Ghor'an Sureye Hamd  

+ نوشته شده در  Wed 28 May 2008ساعت 8:8 PM  توسط M.Torabi  |