Learning English as a second language

Dirge (نوحه)

Word History: The history of the word dirge illustrates how a word with neutral connotations, such as direct, can become emotionally charged because of a specialized use. The Latin word dīrige is a form of the verb dīrigere, “to direct, guide,” that is used in uttering commands. In the Office of the Dead dīrige is the first word in the opening of the antiphon for the first nocturn of Matins: “Dirige, Domine, Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam,” “Direct, O Lord, my God, my way in thy sight.” The part of the Office of the Dead that begins with this antiphon was named Dīrige in Ecclesiastical Latin. This word with this meaning was borrowed into English as dirige, first recorded in a work possibly written before 1200. Dirige was then extended to refer to the chanting or reading of the Office of the Dead as part of a funeral or memorial service. In Middle English the word was shortened to dirge, although it was pronounced as two syllables. After the Middle Ages the word took on its more general senses of “a funeral hymn or lament” and “a mournful poem or musical composition,” and developed its one-syllable pronunciation.

Be

( am, is, are ; past: was, were ; past participle: been)

(.pl. & vi): مصدر فعل بودن ، امر فعل بودن ، وجود داشتن ، زيستن ، شدن ، ماندن ، باش

برای مشاهده کاربرد های فعل to be روی ادامه مطلب کلیک کنید.

abandon / ə`bændən /

	from	Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (4th Ed)

a·ban·don¹ W3 /E5bAndEn/ v [T]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: abondoner, from abandon 'surrendering', from a bandon 'into someone's power']
to leave someone, especially someone you are responsible for
　How could she abandon her own child?
to go away from a place, vehicle etc permanently, especially because the situation makes it impossible for you to stay
= leave
　We had to abandon the car and walk the rest of the way.
　Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city.
to stop doing something because there are too many problems and it is impossible to continue
　The game had to be abandoned due to bad weather.
　They abandoned their attempt to recapture the castle.
　Because of the fog they abandoned their idea of driving.
to stop having a particular idea, belief, or attitude
　They were accused of abandoning their socialist principles.
　Rescuers had abandoned all hope of finding any more survivors.
 abandon yourself to sth
literary to feel an emotion so strongly that you let it control you completely
　She abandoned herself to grief.
 abandon ship
to leave a ship because it is sinking
>abandonment n [U] 

x

abandon 2, noun

abandon² n [U]
if someone does something with abandon, they behave in a careless or uncontrolled way, without thinking or caring about what they are doing
with reckless/wild abandon
　They drank and smoked with reckless abandon.

 

 

from Concise Oxford Thesaurus

	▶  verb     the party abandoned policies which made it unelectable: RENOUNCE, relinquish, dispense with, disclaim, disown, disavow, discard, wash one's hands of; give up, drop, jettison, do away with, axe; informal ditch, scrap, scrub, junk; formal forswear.     by that stage, she had abandoned painting: GIVE UP, stop, cease, drop, forgo, desist from, have done with, abstain from, discontinue, break off, refrain from, set aside; informal cut out, kick, pack in, quit; Brit. informal jack in; formal abjure.     he abandoned his wife and children: DESERT, leave, leave high and dry, turn one's back on, cast aside, break (up) with; jilt, strand, leave stranded, leave in the lurch, throw over; informal walk out on, run out on, dump, ditch; poetic/literary forsake.     the skipper gave the order to abandon ship: VACATE, leave, depart from, withdraw from, quit, evacuate.     a vast expanse of territory was abandoned to the invaders: RELINQUISH, surrender, give up, cede, yield, leave.     she abandoned herself to the sensuousness of the music: INDULGE IN, give way to, give oneself up to, yield to, lose oneself to/in.    OPOSITES keep, retain, continue. ▶  noun reckless abandon: UNINHIBITEDNESS, recklessness, lack of restraint, lack of inhibition, wildness, impulsiveness, impetuosity, immoderation, wantonness.    OPOSITE self-control.